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Motif VI: Eliminating Vampires

Motif VI.A: Causes of Death not Initiated by Humans Motif VI.B: Human Initiated Causes of Death (usually violent) Motif VI.C: Human Initiated Causes of Death (non-violent) Motif VI.D: Accompany-ing Events Motif Index Home

Motif VI.A: Causes of Death not Initiated by Humans

Motif Folklore 19th Century Literature Modern Literature Film/Television
Motif VI.A.1: Sunlight Bronte, C., & Erwin, S. (2010: 212, 213); Chetwynd-Hayes, R. (1975: 257, 258); David, P. (2014: 151, 155); del Toro & Hogan (2009: 197, 217, 275, 287, 343, 359); Hambly, B. (1988: 24, 32-33, 55, 85, 106, 244); Harris, C. (2001: 7, 26, 151); Harris, C. (2002: (63, 104, 107, 111, 153, 156); King, S. (1975: 388); Lindquist, J. (2004: 299, 300, 411, 419); Matheson, R. (1954: 38, 39, 90); Owen, L. (2014: 397); Rain, J. R (2010: 178); Rice, A. (1976: 22, 260, 273); Rice, A. (1985: 3, 83, 87, 295, 366); Shepard, L. (1993: 19, 107, 124, 216-234); Sherman, D. (1991: 136); Shwartz, S. (1997: 6, 11); Stoker, D. & Holt, I. (2009: 2, 178, 346, 383). 30 Days of Night (2007); Castlevania (2017-2020); Dark Shadows (2012); Dracula 2000 (2000); Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972); Dracula: Dead and Loving it (1995); Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966); Dracula Untold (2014); Dracula's Daughter (1936); Fright Night (1985); From Dusk Till Dawn (1996); From Dusk till Dawn: The Series (2014-2016: S1:E10; S2:E1; S2:E2; S2:E5; S2:E7); Horror of Dracula (1958); Innocent Blood (1992); Interview with the Vampire (1994); Let the Right One In (2008); Love at First Bite (1979); Near Dark (1987); Nosferatu (1922); Nosferatu The Vampyre (1979); Scars of Dracula (1970); Son of Dracula (1943); Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970); The House of Dracula (1945); The House of Frankenstein (1944); The Lost Boys (1987); The Return of the Vampire (1943); The Satanic Rites of Dracula (1973); Underworld (2003); Underworld: Evolution (2006); Underworld: Rise of the Lycans (2009); Underworld: Awakening (2012); Underworld: Blood Wars (2016); Vampire Diaries, The (2009-2016: S1:E6; S1:E14; S2:E17; S4:E4);Vampires (1998); Vamps (2012); Van Helsing (2004).
Motif VI.A.2: Wolves or dogs Perkowski, j. (1999: 574); Trigg, E. (1973; 153, 155); “The Three Brothers in J. Perkowski (2006: 272); Vukanovic, T. (1957-1959) in J. Perkowski (2006: 255); Zakhariev, J. (1918) in J. Perkowski (2006: 397). Cholmondeley, M. (1890: 117).
Motif VI.A.3: Drowning Vukanovic, T. (1957-1959) in J. Perkowski (2006: 249, 253). Rymer, J. (1857) in C. Herr (Ed.) 2008: 624). Strieber, W. (1981: 101). Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966);
Motif VI.A.4: Starvation Chetwynd-Hayes, R. (1980: 107); Grahame-Smith, S. (2010: 88); Johnson, R. (1939: 46); Knight, T. (1995: 196); Owen, L. (2014: 240, 291, 292); Strieber, W. (1981: 181).

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Motif VI.B: Human Initiated Causes of Death (usually violent)

Motif Folklore 19th Century Literature Modern Literature Film/Television
Motif VI.B.1: Piercing the heart with sharp objects such as wooden stakes, knives, nails, or needles Afanas’ev, A. (1869) in J. Perkowski, 2006: 205, 206); Blum, R. & Blum, E. (1970: 372); Moszynski, K. (1967) in J. Perkowski (2006: 214); Murgoci, A (1926) in A Dundes (1988: 17, 19); Perkowski, J (1982) in A. Dundes (1988: 39, 40). Crawford, A. (1891:71); Le Fanu (1871) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 75, 82); Dumas, A. (1849: 62-63); Loring, F. (1900) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 164); Rymer, J. (1857) in C. Herr (Ed.) 2008: 91, 127, 222); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 210, 245); Tolstoy, A. (1841) in L. Kuehl (Ed.) (1969:11); Tolstoy, A. (1884) in L. Kuehl, (Ed.) (1969: 96). Benson, E. (1920) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 247); Bronte, C., & Erwin, S. (2010: 7, 12, 16, 30, 38, 127, 129, 159, 213, 217, 234, 235, 253, 300, 312, 351, 355); Carter, A. 2015: 119); Chetwynd-Hayes, R. (1975: 270, 273, 275); Crawford, M. (1911: 183); David, P. (2014: 51, 52, 55, 84, 221); del Toro & Hogan (2009: 178, 288); Friesner, E. (1997: 33, 39); Grahame-Smith, S. (2010: 63, 67, 71, 88, 111, 229, 310); Hambly, B. (1988: 127, 140); Hamilton, L. (1993: 21, 56, 78, 99, 250); Harris, C. (2001: 7, 25, 77, 167, 229, 252, 307); Harris, C. (2002: 49, 131, 173, 213); Harris, C. (2003: 32, 169, 171, 207, 228, 273); Johnson, R. (1939: 46, 48, 50); King, S. (1975: 175, 259, 327); Kisner, J. (1995: 112); Kostova, E. (2005: 158, 435, 565, 616, 634); Legend, L. (2018: 194, 196); Lindquist, J. (2004: 334, 386, 388); Matheson, R. (1954: 16, 26, 91, 149); Newman, K. (1992: 3, 7, 41, 93, 95, 213); Rain, J. R. (2009: 95, 122); Rain, J. R (2010: 190, 215); Rain, J. R. (2011: 514); Rain, J. R. (2009: 95, 122); Rain, J. R (2010: 190, 215); Rain, J. R. (2011: 514); Roman, V. (1925) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 259); Schimel, L., & Mosiman, B. (1997: 91); Shepard, L. (1993: 65, 220); Shwartz, S. (1997: 7, 10, 17); Stoker, D. & Holt, I. (2009: 226, 272); Strieber, W. (1981: 180); Tenn, W. (1956: 202); Warrington, F (1997: 15, 22, 168, 203, 206, 225, 237, 242, 248, 250); Wellman, M. (1942: 78-79); White, K. (2019: 2, 162, 166, 171, 282, 283, 320); White, K. (2020: 58, 231, 237, 238, 246, 247, 249, 250, 339). Billy the Kid versus Dracula (1966); Black Sabbath (1963); Blade (1998); Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992); Castlevania (2017-2020); Count Dracula (1970); Curse of the Undead (1959); Dracula (1931); Dracula (1979); Dracula 2000 (2000); Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972); Dracula: Dead and Loving it (1995); Dracula Has Risen from the Grave(1968); Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966); Dracula Untold (2014); Dracula's Daughter (1936); From Dusk Till Dawn (1996); From Dusk till Dawn: The Series (2014-2016: S1:E6: S1:E7; S1:E10; S2:E1; S2:E2); Horror of Dracula (1958); House of Dark Shadows (1970); Love at First Bite (1979); Nosferatu The Vampyre (1979); Rise: Blood Hunter (2007); Salem’s Lot (1979); Salem’s Lot (2004); Scars of Dracula (1970); Son of Dracula (1943); Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970); The Brides of Dracula (1960); The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967); The Kiss of the Vampire (1963);The Lost Boys (1987); The Return of the Vampire (1943); The Satanic Rites of Dracula (1973); The Vampire Lovers (1970); Underworld: Blood Wars (2016); Vampire Diaries, The (2009-2016: S1:E5; S1:E6; S1:E7; S1:E8; S1:E10; S1:E12; S1:E13; S1:E16; S1:E20); Vampires (1998); Van Helsing (2004).
Motif VI.B.2: Piercing other body parts Abbott, G. (1903) cited J. Perkowski (2006: 394); “Bucket of Blood” (a folktale) in J Perkowski (2006: 336); Calmet, D. (1759) in J. Perkowski (2006: 125); “Dubrovnik Criminal Court Transcript" (from events in 1737-1738) cited in J. Perkowski (2006: 400, 403, 404, 407); Krauss, F. (1892) in A Dundes (1988: 68, 68, 70); Lorentz, F. (1935) cited in J. Perkowski, (2006: 18); Murgoci, A (1926) in A Dundes (1988: 17, 19); Oinas, F. (1982) in A. Dundes (1988: 49, 49); Perkowski, J (1982) in A. Dundes (1988: 36, 39). Anonymous. (1823: 48); de Lamothe-Langon (1825: 23); Tieck, J. (1819: 34). Matheson, R. (1954: 67, 83, 144, 145, 146); Stoker, D. & Holt, I. (2009: 141). Black Sunday (1960); The Lost Boys (1987).
Motif VI.B.3: Dismemberment, vivisection, severing the spine or removing the brain or heart Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 176, 245). del Toro & Hogan (2009: 275, 372); Grahame-Smith, S. (2010: 176, 204, 218, 230, 293); Hamilton, L. (1993: 2, 36, 178); Harkness, D. (2014: 273, 274, 528); Lindquist, J. (2004: 383); Newman, K. (1992; 6, 7, 43); Owen, L. (2014: 420, 454); Rice, A. (1976: 260); Roman, V. (1925) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 259); Simmons, D. (1992: 249); Stoker, D. & Holt, I. (2009: 106, 378); Yarbo, C. (1978a: 171); Yarbo, C. (1978b: 209, 285). 30 Days of Night(2007); Castlevania (2017-2020); Dracula (1979); Innocent Blood (1992); Underworld: Blood Wars(2016); Vampire Diaries, The (2009-2016: S5:E9; S7:E6).
Motif VI.B.4: Decapitation and optionally filling mouth with garlic Afanas’ev, A. (1869) in J. Perkowski (2006: 206, 207); Cajkanovic, V. (1923) in A Dundes (1988: 82); Calmet, D. (1759) in J. Perkowski (2006: 125); “Dubrovnik Criminal Court Transcript" (from events in 1737-1738) cited in J. Perkowski (2006: 404); Lorentz, F. (1935) cited in J. Perkowski, (2006: 18); Moszynski, K. (1967) in J. Perkowski (2006: 214); Perkowski, J. (1972) in J. Perkowski, (2006: 22); Valvasor, J. (1689) in J. Perkowski (2006: 418). de Lamothe-Langon (1825: 22); Le Fanu (1871) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 75, 82); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 176, 210, 223, 224). Chetwynd-Hayes, R. (1975: 273, 276); David, P. (2014: 27, 256); del Toro & Hogan (2009: 197, 237, 241, 243, 344, 363, 382); Grahame-Smith, S. (2010: 63, 78, 88, 108, 162, 216, 267, 309, 358); Hambly, B. (1988: 34); Hamilton, L. (1993: 2, 65, 252); Harkness, D. (2011: 84, 477); Harkness, D. (2014: 273, 520); Harris, C. (2001: 307); King, S. (1975: 320); Kisner, J. (1995: 112, 118); Legend, L. (2018: 64, 92, 185, 193, 195); Newman, K. (1992: 7, 41, 93); Rice, A. (1976: 280); Simmons, D. (1992: 249, 378); Stoker, D. & Holt, I. (2009: 16); White, K. (2019: 179, 320); White, K. (2020: 248); Yarbo, C. (1978b: 209, 285). 30 Days of Night(2007); Black Sabbath (1963); Dracula 2000 (2000); Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992); Dracula: Dead and Loving it (1995); Near Dark (1987); The Vampire Lovers (1970); Underworld(2003); Vamps (2012).
Motif VI.B.5: Staking and filling the mouth with garlic Kostova, E. (2005: 55, 426, 535); Warrington, F (1997: 243, 250).
Motif VI.B.6: Burning or scalding the body or scalding or boiling the heart Abbott, G. (1903) cited J. Perkowski (2006: 394); Afanas’ev, A, (1976) in J Perkowski, (2006: 334); Blum, R. & Blum, E. (1970: 73, 267, 319); Calmet, D. (1759) in J. Perkowski (2006: 125); “Death at the Wedding” (a folktale) in J. Perkowski (2006: 335); Krauss, F. (1892) in A Dundes (1998: 68); Lawson, J. (1910: 365, 366, 371); Marinov, D. (1914) in J. Perkowski (2006: 536, 537); Perkowski, J. (1972) in J. Perkowski (2006: 19); Perkowski, J (1982 in A. Dundes (1988: 38). de Maupassant, G. (1887) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 110-111); Feval, P. (1875: 139); Le Fanu (1871) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 75, 82); Rymer, J. (1857) in C. Herr (Ed.) 2008: 91, 759); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 212); Tolstoy, A. (1841) in L. Kuehl (Ed.) (1969: 85). del Toro & Hogan (2009: 132, 335); Grahame-Smith, S. (2010: 88, 204, 205); Hamilton, L. (1993: 36, 65, 76, 79, 82); Harkness, D. (2011: 200, 499); Harris, C. (2001: 190); Harris, C. (2002: 131); Harris, C. (2003: 28); King, S. (1975: 427); Lindquist, J. (2004: 165, 386); Matheson, R. (1954: 25, 73); Newman, K. (1992: 31); Owen, L. (2014: 116, 407); Rice, A. (1976: 51, 62, 139, 149, 260, 279-280); Rice, A. (1985: 3,83, 87, 213, 300, 366, 370, 397); Shepard, L. (1993: 42, 90, 101, 106); Shwartz, S. (1997: 17); Simmons, D. (1992: 249, 425); Strieber, W. (1981: 160-161); White, K. (2019: 320): White, K. (2020: 248); Yarbo, C. (1978a: 171); Yarbo, C. (1978b: 209, 285). Castlevania (2017-2020); Count Dracula (1970); Dracula has Risen from the Grave(1968); From Dusk till Dawn: The Series (2014-2016: S2:E8);Horror of Dracula (1958); Interview with the Vampire (1994); Love at First Bite (1979); Near Dark (1987); Salem’s Lot (1979); Scars of Dracula(1970); Son of Dracula (1943); The Brides of Dracula (1960); Vampire Diaries, The (2009-2016: S1:E11; S1:E14; S1:E18; S1:E22; S3:E6; S5:E9).
Motif VI.B.7: Combinations of piercing, decapitation, and burning
a. Staking and decapitation Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 212. 329, 362). Hambly, B. (1988: 69, 130, 141); Hamilton, L. (1993: 251); King, S. (1975: 320); Rice, A. (1976: 149, 161); Warrington, F (1997: 150, 244); Wellman, M. (1942: 78-79). Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992); Castlevania (2017-2020);Count Dracula (1970); The Vampire Lovers (1970).
b. Decapitation or dismemberment and cremation Vukanovic, T. (1957-1959 in J. Perkowski, (2006: 234). Harkness, D. (2011: 84); Meyer, S. (2005: 348); Meyer, S. (2007: 490, 491, 492). The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2 (2012); The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010); The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2009); Twilight (2008);
c. Pierce or remove the heart and then cremate or scald the remains Afanas’ev, A. (1869) in J. Perkowski (2006: 206); Barber, P. (1988: 7); Cajkanovic, V. (1923) in A Dundes (1988: 73); de Tournefort, P. (1717) cited in P. Barber (1988: 21-24); Fine, J (1987) in A Dundes (1998: 58); Fluchinger, J. (1732) cited in P Barber (1988: 16); Krauss, F. (1892) in A Dundes (1998: 68, 69); Lawson, J. (1910: 368); Machal, J. (1918) in J. Perkowski (2006: 75); Marinov, D, (1914) in J. Perkowski (2006: 537); Murgoci, A. (1926) in A Dundes (1998: 16); Oinas, F. (1982) in A. Dundes (1988: 68, 69); “Russian Folktale” cited in P. Barber (1988:68). de Lamothe-Langon (1825: 21, 23); Dumas, A. (1849: 55); de Lamothe-Langon (1825: 96); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 212). Hambly, B. (1988: 85) Blood and Roses (1960); Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966).
d. Pierce or remove the heart, decapitate, and cremate Grasse, J. (1868) cited in P. Barber (1988: 13); Trigg, E. (1973; 157). de Lamothe-Langon (1825: 22); Le Fanu (1871) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 75, 82); Polidori, J. (1819:35). Stoker, D. & Holt, I. (2009: 16). Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992).
Motif VI.B.8: Shoot with regular, silver or sacred bullets Blum, R. & Blum, E. (1970: 76); Cajkanovic, V. (1923) in A Dundes (1988: 82); Marinov, D. (1914) in J. Perkowski (2006: 536, 537); Perkowski, J (1982: 38, 39); Trigg, E. (1973; 155, 228). Polidori, J. (1819:48); Rymer, J. (1857) in C. Herr (Ed.) 2008: 267); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 245). Friesner, E. (1997: 39); Grahame-Smith, S. (2010: 293); Hambly, B. (1988: 61); Harris, C. (2003: 264); Johnson, R. (1939: 45); Kostova, E. (2005: 55, 109, 624, 626, 629); Rain, J. R. (2011: 582). Blade (1998); Curse of the Undead (1959); Dracula 2000 (2000); From Dusk Till Dawn (1996); From Dusk till Dawn: The Series (2014-2016: S2:E6; S2:E8); House of Dark Shadows (1970); Innocent Blood (1992); The Satanic Rites of Dracula (1973).
Motif VI.B.9: Holy water de Tournefort, P. (1717) cited in P. Barber (1988: 23); Trigg, E. (1973; 154); Vukanovic, T. (1957-1959) in J. Perkowski, (2006: 234). Gautier, T. (1836: 31). Owen, L. (2014: 137, 142, 323). Castlevania (2017-2020); The Lost Boys (1987); Van Helsing (2004).
Motif VI.B.10: Put fire or boiling liquid on the vampire’s grave or in the hole next to the grave Blum, R. & Blum, E. (1970: 71, 74, 75, 267); Trigg, E. (1973; 156). Roman, V. (1925) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 259).
Motif VI.B.11: Poles driven into the vampire’s grave Trigg, E. (1973; 156).

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Motif VI.C: Human Initiated Causes of Death (non-violent)

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Motif Folklore 19th Century Literature Modern Literature Film/Television
Motif V.C.1: Walk around the grave with burning hemp Perkowski, J. (1982) in A. Dundes (1988: 39).
Motif V.C.2: Walk a horse several times over a vampire’s grave Trigg, E. (1973; 156); Vukanovic, T. (1957-1959 in J. Perkowski, (2006: 250).
Motif V.C.3: Exorcism or absolution Lawson, J. (1910: 368, 398, 399, 399-400).
Motif V.C.4: Renounce the vampire Tieck, J. (1819: 34); Tolstoy, A. (1846) in L. Kuehl (Ed.) (1969:183).
Motif V.C.5: Rebury the vampire with millet seeds and stones Perkowski, J. (1982) in A. Dundes (1988: 40).

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Motif VI.D: Accompanying Events

Motif Folklore 19th Century Literature Modern Literature Film/Television
Motif VI.D.1: Body screams or moans upon impalement or decapitation Afanas’ev, A. (1869) in J. Perkowski (2006: 209); Fluchinger, J. (1732) cited in P. Barber (1988: 16); Valvasor, J. (1689) in J. Perkowski (2006: 418). Anonymous (1823: 49); Crawford, A. (1891:71); Le Fanu (1871) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 82); Loring, F. (1900) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 164); Polidori, J. (1819:35); Rymer, J. (1857) in C. Herr (Ed.) 2008: 222, 739); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 223, 362). Benson, E. (1920) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 248); Crawford, M. (1911: 183); Roman, V. (1925) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 260); Stoker, D. & Holt, I. (2009: 141); Warrington, F (1997: 22, 243); Wellman, M. (1942: 79). Count Dracula (1970); From Dusk Till Dawn (1996); Horror of Dracula (1958); The Lost Boys (1987); The Return of the Vampire (1943).
Motif VI.D.2: Body quickly decomposes or turns to dust Lawson, J. (1910: 367, 398, 399-400); Trigg, E. (1973; 157). Gautier, T. (1836: 31); Loring, F. (1900) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 164); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.). (1977: 329, 367). Benson, E. (1920) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 248); Bronte, C., & Erwin, S. (2010: 12, 127, 129, 159, 213, 235, 253, 300, 351, 355); David, P. (2014: 84, 221); Friesner, E. (1997: 39); Harris, C. (2001: 195, 230); Harris, C. (2003: 207, 210, 234); King, S. (1975: 321, 412); Kostova, E. (2005: 624); Legend, L. (2018: 64, 92, 185, 193, 194, 195, 196); Matheson, R. (1954: 67, 145); Newman, K. (1992: 157, 178, 233, 253); Roman, V. (1925) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 260); Sherman, D. (1991: 136, 139); Stoker, D. & Holt, I. (2009: 181); Warrington, F (1997: 16); White, K. (2020: 21, 231, 237, 238, 246, 248, 339). Billy the Kid versus Dracula (1966); Blade (1998); Castlevania (2017-2020); Curse of the Undead (1959); Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972); Dracula has Risen from the Grave(1968); Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966);Dracula Untold (2014); From Dusk Till Dawn (1996); From Dusk till Dawn: The Series (2014-2016: S1:E7; S1:E10; S2:E1; S2:E6; S2:E8);Salem’s Lot (1979); Salem’s Lot (2004); Son of Dracula (1943); Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970); The House of Dracula (1945); The House of Frankenstein (1944); The Return of the Vampire (1943); Vamps (2012); Van Helsing (2004).
Motif VI.D.3: Ashes from cremation scattered or put in water “Death at the Wedding” (a folktale) in J. Perkowski (2006: 335); Perkowski, J (1982) in A. Dundes (1988: 38); Vukanovic, T. (1957-1959 in J. Perkowski, (2006: 234). Le Fanu (1871) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 82); Rymer, J. (1857) in C. Herr (Ed.) 2008: 127). Rice, A (1985: 83).
Motif VI.D.4: After impalement, vampires appear as they did in life Loring, F. (1900) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 164); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 224, 362). Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992); Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966); Horror of Dracula (1958); The Lost Boys (1987).
Motif VI.D.5: Victims recover and their wounds disappear when the vampire dies Loring, F. (1900) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 161, 165); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 222, 367). Roman, V. (1925) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 260); Warrington, F (1997: 16). Billy the Kid versus Dracula (1966); Dracula (1931); Dracula 2000 (2000); Dracula's Daughter (1936); Horror of Dracula (1958); Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992); The Kiss of the Vampire (1963);The Lost Boys (1987); The Vampire Lovers (1970).
Motif VI.D.6: Souls of vampires become free after death Loring, F. (1900) in L. Shepard (Ed.) (1977: 161, 164); Stoker, B. (1897) in J. Riquelme (Ed.) (1977: 222). Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992).

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