History 102: Movements for Equal Rights for Women Gender and Sex •Gender ·Definition: ·Socially and culturally determined difference ·Does NOT mean women •Sex ·Definition: ·Biologically determined difference Gender and History •Gender Roles •Traditional peasant society: •Patriarchal •Local •Violent •Church •Very specific roles •Daughter-in-law Gender and Industrialization •Urbanization •Social mobility •Geographical mobility •Factory work •Unity •Segregation •Education •French and American Revolutions Gender and Industrialization •“WORK” •Separate spheres: private vs. public •Sexuality: •The “fairer sex” Women’s movement for Equal Rights •Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) •A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) •Education for women •Died of "childbed fever” in 1797 Chartist Movement •Britain 1840s •Vote for unmarried women and widows •Many women active, but in ‘their sphere’ •"No women's work except in the hearth and the schoolroom." Saint-Simonians France 1840s "different but equal” •Feminists •Merging of orient and occident; female and male Women’s Suffrage Movement Seneca Falls Convention (1848) •Elizabeth Cady Stanton •Lucretia Mott •300 people •40 men •James Mott •Declaration of Sentiments: "all men and women had been created equal •18 "injuries and usurpations” •Woman suffrage Woman suffrage movement •Harriet Taylor (1807-1858) •John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) •The Enfranchisement of Women (1849) •The Subjection of Women (1869) •Sweden (1862) •Second Reform Bill (1867) Suffragists · peaceful, forceful protests Suffragettes: •Violence •Arrests •hunger strikes •Emmeline Pankhurst •Women’s Social and Political Union •“Just War” Emily Wilding Davison, 1872-1913
Where and when women obtained the right to vote
New Zealand		1893
Finland		1907
Soviet Union		1917
Canada		1918
Britain		1918
USA		1920
Germany, Poland		1919
Turkey, Cuba		1934
France, Italy, China		1945-48
Switzerland		1971