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History 102: End of the Great War and American Intervention,
1917-1918 ·
May 1915: Lusitania
(128 US citizens ·
February 1917:
Germany declared unconditional submarine warfare ·
Zimmermann Telegram o
Sent and deciphered
in Jan. 1917 o
Brits gave it to
Wilson Feb. 24, 1917 o
Wilson had it
published March 1, 1917 ·
6 April 1917: US
Congress approved resolution declaring war on Germany President Woodrow
Wilson ·
1916: “He kept us
out of war.” ·
By 1917 wanted to
help end the war ·
Jan. 1918: Fourteen
Points o
Idealistic o
National
self-determination American Intervention
was decisive ·
Money and supplies
(1917-1918: $7,000,000,000 worth of food and guns) ·
Navy (second
largest) ·
Men o
March 1918: 85,000
US troops o
Sept. 1918: 1.2
million US troops ·
Morale November 11, 1918:
Armistice! ·
The “Stab in the
Back” Myth Spanish Influenza
Pandemic ·
First appeared in
Kansas ·
Killed 8 million in
Spain ·
Most deadly to
20-40 year-olds ·
Quick death ·
43,000 US soldiers
died ·
20 million died in
India ·
Up to 40 million
world-wide Paris Peace
Conference, 1919 ·
The Big Four: o
David Lloyd George
of Britain (mediator) o
Georges Clemenceau
of France (wanted revenge, compensation, to contain Germany) o
Woodrow Wilson of
the United States (idealist; national self-determination; lasting peace) o
Vittorio Orlando of
Italy (played a minor role) ·
John Maynard Keynes
o
Economic advisor to
Lloyd George o
Quit the conference o
The Economic
Consequences of the Peace (1920) ·
Treaty of
Versailles o
Between Allies and
Germany o
Signed in Hall of Mirrors,
Palace of Versailles, June 28, 1919 o
Treaty of
Versailles o
Crucial Terms: §
Clause 231: “War
guilt” clause §
“The Allied and
Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of
Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the
Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as
a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and
her allies.” §
Clause 232:
reparations, eventually calculated at $33,000,000,000 (1921) §
Covenant of the
League of Nations Things soon begin to
fall apart ·
US Congress
rejected Versailles Treaty ·
Henry Cabot Lodge ·
Sept. 1919:
Wilson's 8000 mile tour, 40 speeches; 29 cities (22 days) ·
Wilson collapsed ·
Nov. 2, 1920:
Warren Harding elected US President ·
August 1921: USA
signed separate peace treaty with Germany |