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History 102: The Napoleonic Period, 1799-1815 Napoleon and the Directory ·
Coup
d’état? ·
November
9, 1799 (18 Brumaire) ·
‘temporary
consul’ ·
Strong
·
Popular ·
Not
royalty ·
Brilliant
military commander French Army’s Victories
Some
of the Victories: ·
1799:
Battle of Zurich, France defeated Second Coalition; saved France from
invasion ·
1801:
Treaty of Lunéville: France beat Austria and imposed peace on the remaining
continental allies ·
1802:
Treaty of Amiens: British signed treaty with France ·
1805-07:
Renewed attempt (British financed) to launch war against the French Empire,
but only spread French influence
to the borders of Russia ·
1805:
Austria and Russia defeated at the battle of Austerlitz in Moravia ·
1806:
Prussia entered late and separately, and was destroyed at the battles of Jena
and Auerstaedt ·
1807:
France beat Russia at Eylau and again at Friedland ·
1807:
Treaty of Tilsit Why so many victories?
·
Napoleon
Bonaparte o
Brilliant
military strategist o
Exuded
confidence and destiny ·
The
Grand Army o
Revolutionary
Zeal o
Levee
en masse o
Promotion
by merit o
Quick
victories o
No
supply lines needed ·
Nation
in arms o
Mobilized
for war Domestic reforms
·
Greater
centralization ·
Absolutism/democracy o
Plebiscite ·
Napoleonic
Code: o
Uniformity o
Individualism o
Removed
all remaining special privileges o
Patriarchal o
Prohibited
paternity suits ·
Reformed
Education System o
Established
lycées and national university o
‘careers
open to talent’ o
Academie
Française ·
Metric
system ·
1801
Concordat (pragmatic) ·
December
1804: Emperor Napoleon I But those damned British!
·
August
1798: Battle of Abukir Bay (of the Nile) ·
October
1805: Battle of Trafalgar Continental System, 1806-1812
·
Trafalgar (1805) convinced Napoleon
·
Starve
Britain ·
Force
Surrender ·
Ships
caught with British goods seized ·
1807:
Russia agrees to join (Treaty of Tilsit) Why did the Continental System fail?
·
British
Naval Blockade ·
Trade
more with colonies and South America ·
Made
Britain self-sufficient ·
Hard
to enforce, so unevenly enforced ·
Hurt
continent’s economy ·
Led
to war with Russia 1812:
the “Polish War” (war with Russia) ·
Alexander
I failed to enforce Continental system ·
Napoleon
invaded June 1812 ·
Grande
Armée not French ·
Borodino,
Battle of (7 Sept. 1812) ·
Entered
Moscow, ablaze ·
Waited… ·
Oct.
19, 1812 ordered retreat ·
October
1812: the Retreat Defeat, 1814
·
March
1814: Paris captured ·
April
1814: Napoleon abdicated, exiled the “Emperor” to Elba ·
Louis
XVIII (r. 1814-1824) placed on French throne Congress
of Vienna, 1814-1815 ·
Great
Powers and their Representatives: o
Russian
Empire: Alexander I o
Prussia: Prince Hardenburg
o
Great
Britain: Viscount Castlereagh o
Austria:
Prince Clemens von Metternich o
France:
Prince Talleyrand ·
Did
much to create one of the longest periods of relative peace in history,
1815-1914 ·
Why
was it so successful? 1.
Balance
of Power 2.
Concert
of Europe 3.
Included
and not too hard on France o
Borders
of 1792 o
No
war reparations o
No
attempts at revenge The come back, February 1815
·
Rumors
of more remote exile ·
March
1, 1815: Escaped to France ·
General
M. Ney ·
Louis
XVIII fled ·
Hundred
days ·
Battle
of Waterloo, 15-18 June 1815 ·
Final
Defeat ·
Napoléon
made his formal surrender while on board the HMS Bellerophon on 15 July 1815 ·
Exiled
to St. Helena, a British prison island ·
Wrote
his memoirs ·
Died
in 1821 Consequences of the Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
1. Raised the threat and hope of revolution, spread it
across Europe and further abroad 2.
Transformed politics: ·
mass
politics ·
end
of divine right of kings to rule ·
changed
the rules of political legitimacy ·
added
far more violence into politics 3.
Changed the map of Europe profoundly 4.
Transformed the balance amongst the Great Powers: ·
France:
delayed industrialization, began to decline ·
Britain:
on the rise, experienced an Industrial Revolution in this period ·
Prussia:
began to emerge as a great power (wars against Napoleon were Wars of
National Liberation) ·
Austria:
Lost almost all its battles but won the peace (Metternich); though still
important, economically declining ·
Russia: thought it defeated Napoleon;
asserted and confirmed its Great Power status |