|
History 102: Totalitarianism of the Right and
Left: Rise of Fascism
in Italy ·
WWI spoils
disappointed many Italians ·
Russian Revolution
inspired many workers and socialists ·
Pope allowed
Catholics to go into politics ·
“Two Red Years,”
1919-1920 ·
Great instability ·
Workers took over
some factories Benito Mussolini,
1883-1945 ·
Il Duce (The
Leader) ·
Black Shirts Fascism: ·
extreme
militaristic nationalism ·
contempt for
electoral democracy and liberalism ·
natural social
hierarchy and the rule of elites ·
individual
interests subordinated to the good of the nation Mussolini’s rise
to power ·
Two Red Years ·
Mussolini portrayed
himself as the ‘man of order’ ·
March on Rome
(October 1922) ·
King Victor
Emmanuel III (r. 1900-46) forced to make Mussolini PM Consolidation of
Power ·
Giacomo Matteotti
(socialist leader killed in 1924) ·
Mussolini used it
to crack down: o
changed election
law o
curbed Parliament’s
powers o
censored press and
academic publications o
assumed dual role
as PM and ‘Il Duce’ Mussolini’s
policies ·
Lateran Agreement
(1929): o
Gave Vatican City
independence o
Financial support o
Roman Catholicism
as official religion o
Pope agreed to urge
Italians to support Mussolini and fascists ·
Corporatism o
between socialism
and capitalism ·
Sexism: women as
mothers and sexual objects Totalitarianism ·
“Everything in the
state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” (1926) ·
State to pervade
all aspects of society ·
The nation
mobilized but obedient to THE LEADER ·
BUT: Fascist Italy
was not very totalitarian, compared to USSR and Nazi Germany Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (interwar period, 1921-1939) ·
Multinational USSR How was the USSR
ruled? ·
Officially, a
Federation, widely dispersed powers ·
In fact, highly
centralized through the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) ·
All leading
government officials were communists Who ruled? ·
Lenin’s creation ·
Lenin died in 1924 ·
Led to power
struggle: o
Josef Stalin o
Leon Trotsky o
Nikolai Bukharin Stalin won (by
1928) ·
Why? o
Not brilliant o
Ruthless o
Patronage o
Will to win o
Used extreme
measures o
Appealed to
non-intellectuals New Economic
Policy (NEP), 1921-28 ·
Private small and
medium-sized businesses ·
Some free trade ·
Peasants left alone
to feed cities (N. Bukharin) ·
Tax-in-kind ·
Little use of
violence ·
NEPmen The Great Turn,
1928-> ·
Move to Planned
Economy ·
First Five-Year
Plan, 1928-1934 ·
Focus on Heavy
Industry ·
Sacrificed consumer
goods ·
Quotas ·
Quantity over
quality ·
Stakhanovites Collectivization,
1929-1935 ·
1927: voluntary ·
1929: forced ·
Main goal: control
of food ·
Requisitions ·
Peasants resisted
(1600 large-scale revolts) ·
“Kulaks” ·
De-kulakization
(1.5 million ‘removed’) The Great Famine,
1932-33 ·
Causes: o
Requisitions for
cities and export o
De-kulakization o
Poor collective
farm management o
Livestock
slaughtered o
Bad weather ·
6-10 million
starved to death ·
Mostly in Ukraine The Terror,
1934-39 ·
Sergei Kirov,
1886-1934 ·
Leader of CPSU in
Leningrad ·
December 1, 1934:
assassinated by a communist ·
Sparked Terror ·
Show Trials,
1936-38 Evgeniia Ginzburg ·
Journey into the
Whirlwind ·
Loyal, dedicated
communist ·
1937: arrested ·
“Trotskyist” ·
Conveyor belt ·
GULAG ·
Magadan ·
1955: released Consequences ·
Eight million
arrested ·
How many killed? ·
681,692 people were
executed during 1937–38 ·
Memorial society
released list of 1,345,796 victims ·
Gradually, greatly
undermined CPSU’s authority and legitimacy |