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Berlin, Gorden and Andrew Sum. 1988. Toward a More Perfect Union: Basic
Skills,
Poor Families, and Our Economic Future. New York: Ford Foundation.
Koshar, Rudy, ed. 1990. Splintered Classes. New York: Holmes and Meir.
Durkheim, Emile. [1897] 1951. Suicide: A Study in Sociology. New York: The Free Press.
Sabo, Don. 1995. "Pigskin, Patriarchy, and Pain." Pp. 99-101 in Men's Lives edited by Michael S. Kimmel and Michael A. Messner. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Renzetti, Claire M. and Daniel J. Curran. 1995. "The Great Communicators: Language and the Media." Chapter 6 in Women, Men, and Society. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Articles From Scholarly Journals
DiMaggio, Paul, John Evans, and Bethany Bryson. 1997. "Have American's Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?" American Journal of Sociology 102:690-755.
Sharn, Lori. 1997. "Clergy Still Tough Career for Women." USA Today, July 9, pp. 1A, 2A.
Hirsh, Michael and Hideko Takayama. 1997. "Big Bang or Bust? Mobsters Slow Tokyo's Plan to Join World Markets." Newsweek. September 1, pp. 44-45.
U.S. Congress. 1950. House Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power of the Committee on the Judiciary. Study of Monopoloy Power 81st Cong., 2d sess., pp. 788-91. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1960. Characteristics of Population. Vol. 1, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
King, Andrew J. 1976. "Law and Land Use in Chicago: A Pre-History of Modern Zoning." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
Papers Presented at Conferences
Pharris, Keri P. 1995. "Gender and Feelings About Abortion." Presented at the annual meeting of the California Sociological Association, Ocotber 28, San Francisco, CA.
New York Times Magazine. 1996. "Heroine Worship" [Online]. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/special/magazine4/. Accessed January 10, 1997. [Note: if there is no date on the site, enter: "no date" where the date belongs. If there is a month and day, as well as year, include them.]
Citations in the Text of a Paper
When you use ideas, information, or descriptions from your references, make sure that they are properly cited within the text of your paper. Note that in the second, third, and fourth examples I did not use quotes (" "). This is because I paraphrased -- I took the ideas from the author, but expressed what was relevant in my own words. You should always try to do this. If you cannot avoid taking a direct quote, make sure your quotation marks are properly placed (see the first example).
Here is an example of a direct quote:
According to Renzetti and Curran (1995:150), "linguistic sexism refers to
ways in which a language devalues members of one sex, invariably women."
Here is another way to do the same thing:
According to Renzetti and Curran,"linguistic sexism refers to ways in which
a language devalues members of one sex, invariably women" (1995:150).
Notice that I did not begin with the quote; that is the authors' sentence.
You must introduce the quote, not leave it out there hanging. The first quotation
mark begins with the author's first word. Also notice that the period is not
placed at the end of the quote. This may be the end of the authors' sentence,
but it is not the end of your sentence. Your sentence ends after the citation
(year:page number). This is a very common mistake.
This is an example of a close paraphrase. It conveys the same idea,
but is easier for the reader to follow since it isn't necessary to sort out
different components of the sentence. Because it is a very close paraphrase,
however, I include the page number in the citation:
Linguistic sexism refers to those aspects of language or language use that
tend to devalue one sex compared to the other (Renzetti and Curran 1995:150).
Here is another way to do the same thing. In this example, notice
that since I used the authors' names in my sentence, I don't repeat the names
in the citation:
According to Renzetti and Curran, linguistic sexism refers to those aspects
of language or language use that tend to devalue one sex compared to the other
(1995:150).
If you do not paraphrase closely, but rather give a general idea of what the author has to say, or your reference to the work is not limited to specific pages of the text, it is usually not necessary to include page numbers in the citation. In the following example, the first two sentences are mine: consider them to be elements of an argument that I am developing. The third sentence is taken from a text; it refers to one idea that will help me to develop and illustrate my argument. Whenever possible, this is what I want you to do in your paper.
One of the issues receiving increasing attention concerns the inequalities, i. e., the power differences, which exist between women and men. Feminists from a variety of different perspectives have addressed this as a research area. These power differences between men and women are reproduced in everyday life in a variety of ways. For example, language is a powerful mechanism for creating and sustaining inequality (Renzetti and Curran 1995).
Here is an example of citing a source from a web site:
Of the twenty-six heroines featured, nearly half (forty-two percent) are/were
entertainers(New York Times Magazine 1996:Online).