George P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. Subsistence Economy and Supportive Practices: Cross-Cultural Codes 1. ETHNOLOGY 9:302-330.
Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors.
This file presents a body of coded cultural data pertaining to the derivation, transportation, preservation, and storage of food in a typical (or focal) community in each of the 186 SCCS societies. The reader who uses the coded materials should bear in mind two warnings. First, since the data for each society have been assessed or "pinpointed" with reference to a particular local group at a particular date, the codes may not hold true for the larger society as a whole. For such complex and diversified cultures as those of the Burmese, Chinese, Egyptians, Japanese, Russians, Turks, and Vietnamese, for example, the indicated absence of such traits as banks, fishing, improved highways, markets, and motorized land and water transport, however valid for the pinpointed locality, may actually be misrepresentative of the total society. Second, since the data were coded primarily with reference to food or subsistence, the reader should not assume that the codes adequately reflect the actual importance of such activities as trade, animal husbandry, or transportation in the total culture. Variable 5, for example, assesses only the contribution of animal husbandry to the food supply and ignores its importance in other respects, e.g., as a source of prestige or of products other than food.
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1. INTERCOMMUNITY TRADE AS FOOD SOURCE # of Code Descriptive Cases # = Label 3 . = Missing Data 7 1 = No Trade 51 2 = Food Imports absent although trade present Food Imports present, and contribute: 4 3 = Salt or Minerals only 81 4 = < 10% of food (90% form local extractive sources) 38 5 = < 50% of food, and less than any single local source - 6 = < 50% of food, and more than any single local source 2 7 = > 50% of food 2. FOOD IMPORT ACQUISITION 62 . = Missing Data 49 1 = Direct individual exchanges 10 2 = Indirect individual exchanges 28 3 = Local markets 34 4 = Middlemen 3 5 = Three or four of above 3. AGRICULTURE- CONTRIBUTION TO LOCAL FOOD SUPPLY 35 1 = None 3 2 = Non-food Crops 17 3 = < 10% 12 4 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade 42 5 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade 77 6 = Primarily agricultural 5. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY 8 1 = None 41 2 = Present, not food source 67 3 = < 10% food supply 33 4 = < 50% - chiefly meat 21 5 = < 50% - chiefly dairy S 6 = < 50% - chiefly honey 16 7 = > 50% 7. FISHING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY 2 . = Missing Data 27 1 = None 79 2 = < 10% food supply 55 3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade 10 4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade 13 5 = > 50% 9. HUNTING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY 4 . = Missing Data 18 1 = None 3 2 = Not food source 85 3 = < 10% food supply 61 4 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade 8 5 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade 7 6 = > 50% 11. GATHERING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY 4 . = Missing Data 16 1 = None 116 2 = < 10% food supply 40 3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade 7 4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade 3 5 = > 50% 13. LAND TRANSPORT (especially regarding food transport) 1 . = Missing Data 108 1 = Human Carriers, incl. tumpline 41 2 = Pack Animals 13 3 = Draft Animals (sleds, travois) 12 4 = Animal Drawn Wheeled vehicles 11 5 = Motorized vehicles 15. WATER TRANSPORT 5 . = Missing Data 20 1 = None, but feasible note: 1 & 2 should be reversed 56 2 = Not feasible 10 3 = Floats or rafts 73 4 = Human powered craft 20 5 = Sail powered craft 2 6 = Motorized craft 17. MONEY (MEDIA OF EXCHANGE) AND CREDIT 3 . = Missing Data 77 1 = No media of exchange or money 12 2 = Domestically usable articles as media of exchange 263 = Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange 424 = Foreign coinage or paper currency 265 = Indigenous coinage or paper currency 18. CREDIT SOURCE 17 . = Missing Data 113 1 = Personal loans between friends or relatives 26 2 = Internal money lending specialists 23 3 = External money lending specialists 7 5 = Banks or comparable institutions 20. FOOD STORAGE 4 . = Missing Data 36 1 = None 129 2 = Individual households 7 3 = Communal facilities 3 4 = Political agent controlled repositories 7 5 = Economic agent controlled repositories 21. FOOD SURPLUS VIA STORAGE . = Missing Data 69 1 = None or barely adequate 84 2 = Simple or adequate 33 3 = Complex or More than adequate INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD Barry, Herbert, III, and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. Infancy and Early Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 2. ETHNOLOGY 10: 466-508. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. Variables 23-32 deal with infancy only, from the first year until the transition to early childhood (see 38-39, 42, 44), usually at 12-18 months. The early and late infancy periods of variables 24-27 refer to the first few months after birth versus the period after crawling begins, usually around 9 months. Variables 33-38 include both infancy and early childhood, the latter usually to the age of 4-5 years. Variables 39-50 deal with the transition to childhood, around 12-18 months. Variables 51-60 provide a comparison of infancy and childhood. 23. SLEEPING PROXIMITY OF PARENTS TO INFANT 13 . = Missing Data - 1 = Mo and Fa in different room than infant 12 2 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different room - 3 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa unspecified 30 4 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different bed 55 5 = Mo, Fa same room as infant, beds not specified 24 6 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa different room 5 7 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa not specified 24 8 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa same room 23 9 = Mo and Fa in same bed as infant 24. BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - EARLY INFANCY 55 . = Missing Data 42 1 = None except in emergency 1 2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen 21 3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock 41 4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets 26 5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board 25. BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - LATER INFANCY 63 . = Missing Data 61 1 = None except in emergency 8 2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen 14 3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock 23 4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets 17 5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board 26. BODILY CONTACT - EARLY INFANCY 65 . = Missing Data 3 1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care 16 2 = Occasionally 33 3 = Up to 1/2 time 49 4 = > 1/2 time 20 5 = Almost Constantly 27. BODILY CONTACT - LATE INFANCY 69 . = Missing Data 3 1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care 15 2 = Occasionally 41 3 = Up to 1/2 time 43 4 = > 1/2 time 15 5 = Almost Constantly 31. INFANT CRYING- RESPONSE 83 . = Missing Data 3 1 = Indifferent or punitive 3 2 = Slow or perfunctory, nurturant 19 3 = Speedy but inconsistently nurturant 67 4 = Generally speedy, nurturant 11 5 = Always speedy, nurturant 32. INFANT CRYING- AMOUNT 139 . = Missing Data 16 1 = Very Infrequent and brief 10 2 = Infrequent and short 9 3 = Infrequent and prolonged 11 4 = Frequent and short 1 5 = Frequent and prolonged 33. CHILDHOOD PAIN INFLICTION 38 . = Missing Data 17 1 = Absent 37 2 = Only neonatally or very mild pain 63 3 = Occasional mild pain 25 4 = Frequent mild pain or infrequent severe pain 6 5 = Frequent pain - 6 = Very painful 34. POST-PARTUM SEX TABOO 52 . = Missing data 2 1 = Intercourse expected soon after birth 7 2 = None 29 3 = 1 month or less 42 4 = 6 months or less 12 5 = 1 year or less 20 6 = 2 years or less 22 7 = > 2 years 35. CEREMONIALISM SURROUNDING CHILD, BEYOND NUCLEAR FAMILY 7 . = Missing Data 20 1 = None 73 2 = Only within first 2 months 56 3 = One occasion at later age 20 4 = Two or more ceremonies 10 5 = Prominent 36. MAGICAL PROTECTIVENESS APPLIED TO PARENTS AND CHILD 8 . = Missing Data 8 1 = None 22 2 = Only neonatal period, e.g., couvade 76 3 = Slight, neonatally and later 66 4 = Moderate, neonatally and later 6 5 = Exaggerated, neonatally and later 37. PHYSICAL PROTECTIVENESS AGAINST CHILDHOOD ILLNESS 20 . = Missing Data 1 1 = No special effort 43 2 = Slight 79 3 = Moderate, e.g., regular baths 39 4 = Some exceptional techniques, e.g., medicines, ointments, diapers 4 5 = Variety of exceptional techniques 39. WEANING- AGE AND SEVERITY 29 . = Missing Date 103 1 = > 2 years and gentle 27 2 = > 2 years and severe 17 3 = > 1 year and gentle 5 4 = > 1 year and severe 3 5 = > 6 months and gentle 1 6 = > 6 months and severe 1 7 = < 6 months and gentle - 8 = < 6 months and severe 40. MOTOR SKILLS- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD 109 . = Missing Data 2 1 = Discourage or punish early development 2 2 = Ignore development 22 3 = No active assistance, but attention given 42 4 = Definite but inconsistent rewards 9 5 = Strong Encouragement and assistance 41. AUTONOMY- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD 81 . = Missing Data 25 1 = > 4 years and gradual 3 2 = > 4 years and abrupt 54 3 = 2-4 years and gradual 23 4 = 2-4 years and abrupt, or < 2 years and gradual - 5 = < 2 years and abrupt *note: recode category 4 42. ELIMINATION- ENCOURAGEMENT OF CONTROL IN CHILDHOOD 123 0 = None 7 1 = 3-5 years 27 2 = > 18 months 9 3 = > 1 year 7 4 = > 6 months 13 5 = < 6 months 43. COVERING GENITALS- AGE 50 0 = Even adults uncovered 85 1 = Very late 14 2 = Late 2 3 = > 1 year 1 4 = < 6 months 34 5 = After birth 44. WEANING- AGE OF ONSET 30 . = Missing Data 19 1 = up to 12 months 12 2 = 13 - 20 months 67 3 = 21 - 24 6 4 = 25 - 30 36 5 = 31 - 36 9 6 = 37 - 42 7 7 = 43 - 48 - 8 = 49 - 60 - 9 = 61 - 72 45. WEANING- AGE OF TERMINATION 30 . = Missing Data 7 1 = up to 12 months 5 2 = 13 - 20 38 3 = 21 - 24 8 4 = 25 - 30 64 5 = 31 - 36 16 6 = 37 - 42 14 7 = 43 - 48 4 8 = 49 - 60 - 9 = 61 - 72 months 51. NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY 24 . = Missing Data 5 1 = Almost Exclusively Mother 81 2 = Principally Mother, others minor roles 63 3 = Principally Mother, others important roles 10 4 = Mother < 1/2 care 2 5 = Mother minor but significant 1 6 = Mother minimal except for nursing 52. NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD 50 . = Missing Data - 1 = Almost Exclusively Mother 36 2 = Principally Mother, others important roles 60 3 = Mother < 1/2 care 38 4 = Primarily others 2 5 = Exclusively others 53. ROLE OF FATHER, INFANCY 32 . = Missing Data 8 1 = Distant 27 2 = Rarely close 72 3 = Occasionally close 44 4 = Frequently close 3 5 = Regularly close 54. ROLE OF FATHER, EARLY CHILDHOOD 36 . = Missing Data 4 1 = Distant 18 2 = Rarely Close 46 3 = Occasionally Close 73 4 = Frequently Close 9 5 = Regularly Close 55. PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS 48 . = Missing Data 31 1 = Children, Females 4 2 = Children, unspecified 11 3 = Children, both sexes 60 4 = Adult Family, Females - 5 = Adult Family, unspecified 14 6 = Adult Family, both sexes 17 7 = Others, Female 1 9 = Others, both sexes 56. PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS 45 . = Missing Data 10 1 = Peer Group, single sex 1 2 = Peer Group, unspecified 43 3 = Peer Group, both sexes 22 4 = Older Children, single sex 8 5 = Older Children, unspecified 22 6 = Older Children, both sexes 14 7 = Adults, single sex 21 9 = Adults, both sexes 57. GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY (taking 51 and 52 into account) 67 . = Missing Data 1 1 = Severe or neglectful 8 2 = Lesser severity 19 3 = Occasional indulgence 80 4 = Greater 11 5 = Highly affectionate 58. GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES 67 . = Missing Data 36 1 = Low in category 34 2 = Medium in category 49 3 = High in category *Note: Combine 57 and 58 59. GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD (taking 51 and 52 into account) 54 . = Missing Data 2 1 = Severe 24 2 = Less Severity 32 3 = Occasional Severity 64 4 = Greater Leniency 10 5 = Consistently Lenient 60. GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD: MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES 54 . = Missing Data 43 1 = Low in Category 44 2 = Medium in Category 45 3 = High in Category *Note: Combine 59 and 60 to get a fine-scaled variable SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION George P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson. 1972. Settlement Patterns and Community Organization: Cross Cultural Codes 3. ETHNOLOGY 11: 54-295. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. 61. FIXITY OF SETTLEMENT 28 1 = Migratory 21 2 = Semi-nomadic--fixed then migratory 6 3 = Rotating among 2 or more fixed 14 4 = Semi-sedentary--fixed core, some migratory 15 5 = Impermanent--periodically moved 102 6 = Permanent 63. COMMUNITY SIZE 1 . = Missing Data 28 1 = < 50 28 2 = 50-99 45 3 = 100-199 32 4 = 200-399 29 5 = 400-999 15 6 = 1,000-4,999 5 7 = 5,000-49,999 3 8 = > 50,000 64. POPULATION DENSITY 2 . = Missing Data 36 1 = < 1 person per 5 sq. mile 22 2 = 1 person per 1-5 sq. mile 25 3 = 1-5 persons per sq. mile 27 4 = 1-25 persons per sq. mile 34 5 = 26-100 persons per sq. mile 20 6 = 101-500 persons per sq. mile 20 7 = over 500 persons per sq. mile 69. MARITAL RESIDENCE 1 . = Missing data 38 1 = Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin 8 2 = Avunculocal - with husband's mother's brother's kin 118 3 = Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin 12 4 = Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin 9 5 = Neolocal - separate from kin 70. DESCENT - MEMBERSHIP IN CORPORATE KINSHIP GROUPS 26 1 = Matrilineal - through female line 10 2 = Double descent: separate groups through male and female lines 75 3 = Patrilineal - through male line 6 4 = Ambilineal - through one parent in each generation 69 5 = Bilateral - not a corporate kin group 73. COMMUNITY INTEGRATION 6 1 = Lacking or low compared to community segments or larger polity 26 2 = By common residence only 16 3 = Common Identity, dialect, subculture 78 4 = Overlapping Kin ties 8 5 = Common social or economic status 20 6 = Common political ties 32 7 = Common religious ties 74. PROMINENT COMMUNITY CEREMONIALS 67 1 = Rites of passage 69 2 = Calendrical 36 3 = Magical or religious 14 4 = Individual sponsored and communally attended (e.g., potlatch) 75. CEREMONIAL ELEMENTS 54 1 = Feasting and/or drinking 10 2 = Exchanges other than food 51 3 = Entertainment 57 4 = Sacrifice other than human 13 5 = Human sacrifice 1 6 = Masochistic behavior 77. LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, PRIMARY 3 . = Missing data 17 1 = No headman or council 10 2 = By appointment 10 3 = Seniority 2 4 = Divination 37 5 = Informal consensus 22 6 = Electoral process 61 7 = Patrilineal 14 8 = Matrilineal 10 9 = Hereditary with personal qualifications 79. POLYGAMY (see 68) 2 1 = Polyandry - primarily monogamous with some plural husbands 31 2 = Monogamy 96 3 = Polygyny < 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry) 57 4 = Polygyny > 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry) 80. FAMILY SIZE 7 1 = Nuclear Monogamous 70 2 = Nuclear Polygynous 16 3 = Stem Family 59 4 = Small extended 34 5 = Large extended POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Tuden, Arthur, and Catherine Marshall. 1972. Settlement Patterns and Community Organization: Cross Cultural Codes 3. ETHNOLOGY 11:436-464. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. 83. LEVELS OF SOVEREIGNTY 2 . = Missing data 98 1 = Stateless society 31 2 = Sovereignty 1st hierarchical level up 14 3 = Sovereignty 2nd hierarchical level up 41 4 = Sovereignty 3rd or higher hierarchical level 84. HIGHER POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 3 . = Missing data 85 1 = Absent 28 2 = Peace group 46 3 = Alliances 7 4 = Confederation 17 5 = International organization 88. ADVISORY BODIES 5 . = Missing data 98 1 = Absence of sovereignty 28 2 = Absent 14 3 = Relatives of executive 2 4 = Favorites of executive - 5 = Secret society 13 6 = Subordinate groups 3 7 = Hereditary 23 8 = Subordinate functionaries 89. JUDICIARY 3 . = Missing data 103 1 = Absent 6 2 = Not local 49 3 = Executive 23 4 = Appointed by executive 1 5 = Priesthood 1 6 = Hereditary 90. POLICE 6 . = Missing data 124 1 = Not specialized 4 2 = Incipient specialization 4 3 = Retainers of chiefs 6 4 = Military 42 5 = Specialized 91. ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCHY 3 . = Missing data 98 1 = Absent 7 2 = Popular Assemblies 8 3 = Heads of kin groups 38 4 = Heads of decentralized territorial divisions 31 5 = Heads of centralized territorial divisions 1 6 = Part of centralized system 93. POLITICAL POWER- MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE 3 . = Missing data 90 0 = Direct subsistence production 11 1 = Warfare wealth 3 2 = Tribute or taxes 13 3 = Slaves 20 4 = Contributions of free citizens 12 5 = Large land-holdings 14 6 = Political office 6 7 = Foreign Commerce 11 8 = Capitalistic enterprises 3 9 = Priestly services DIVISION OF LABOR Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost. 1973. Factors in the Division of Labor by Sex: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. ETHNOLOGY 12:203-225. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. FOOD COLLECTION 99. VEGETAL 100. EGGS, INSECTS, AND/OR SMALL LAND FAUNA 101. SHELLFISH/SMALL AQUATIC FAUNA 102. HONEY 103. FOWLING 104. FISHING 105. TRAPPING 106. LARGE LAND FAUNA 107. LARGE AQUATIC FAUNA Number of Cases for Each Variable: 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 . = Task Present, sex ? 34 48 22 20 2 10 1 0 2 -1 = No data on task 7 53 24 80 29 4 15 6 9 0 = Task absent 10 18 85 38 16 29 20 36 129 1 = Males exclusively 6 27 11 39 131 83 136 139 48 2 = Males predominantly 4 3 4 5 5 45 12 5 0 3 = Equally 18 9 1 2 3 8 1 0 0 4 = Females predominant 42 13 12 0 0 5 1 0 0 5 = Females exclusively 65 15 27 2 0 2 0 0 0 FOOD PRODUCTION 108. LAND CLEARANCE 109. SOIL PREPARATION 110. PLANTING 111. CROP TENDING 112. HARVESTING 113. SMALL DOMESTIC ANIMALS 114. LARGE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 115. MILKING Number of Cases for Each Variable: 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 . = Task Present, sex ? 1 1 0 3 0 70 10 10 -1 = No data on task 2 2 1 4 1 6 2 1 0 = Task absent 44 49 44 48 44 13 76 127 1 = Males exclusively 95 66 27 22 10 19 54 15 2 = Males predominantly 34 27 35 23 37 8 24 2 3 = Equally 6 14 33 24 34 14 14 8 4 = Females predominantly 3 17 26 30 34 12 3 2 5 = Females exclusively 1 10 20 32 26 44 3 21 FOOD PREPARATION 116. VEGETAL 117. BUTCHERING 118. PRESERVATION 119. DRINKS 120. DAIRY 121. COOKING Number of Cases for Each Variable: 116 117 118 119 120 121 . = Task Present, sex ? 2 16 64 42 20 1 -1 = No data on task 8 19 25 16 8 1 0 = Task absent 2 8 31 37 130 0 1 = Males exclusively 3 122 18 15 4 0 2 = Males predominantly 1 9 2 3 0 2 3 = Equally 4 4 3 4 0 2 4 = Females predominantly 21 4 3 4 0 63 5 = Females exclusively 145 4 40 65 24 117 EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES 122. MINING/QUARRYING 123. FUEL GATHERING 124. LUMBERING 125. WATER FETCHING Number of Cases for Each Variable: 122 123 124 125 . = Task Present, sex ? 6 11 16 25 -1 = No data on task 39 7 17 1 0 = Task absent 106 1 14 0 1 = Males exclusively 31 25 135 4 2 = Males predominantly 1 12 4 4 3 = Equally 2 12 0 8 4 = Females predominantly 0 24 0 13 5 = Females exclusively 1 94 0 131 INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING 126. SKINS 127. SPINNING 128. LOOM WEAVING 129. SMELTING Number of Cases for Each Variable: 126 127 128 129 . = Task Present, sex ? 44 9 1 0 -1 = No data on task 13 30 16 24 0 = Task absent 48 56 81 125 1 = Males exclusively 39 7 24 37 2 = Males predominantly 4 3 0 0 3 = Equally 2 4 6 0 4 = Females predominantly 5 5 8 0 5 = Females exclusively 31 72 50 0 MANUFACTURING 130. MAT-MAKING 131. NET-MAKING 132. BASKET-MAKING 133. ROPE OR CORDAGE 134. LEATHER 135. CLOTHING Number of Cases for Each Variable: 130 131 132 133 134 135 . = Task Present, sex ? 31 45 19 56 32 5 -1 = No data on task 23 31 16 16 23 23 0 = Task absent 29 45 21 3 57 36 1 = Males exclusively 30 42 37 62 35 16 2 = Males predominantly 4 2 9 7 3 4 3 = Equally 9 5 15 18 2 11 4 = Females predominantly 5 1 18 5 5 13 5 = Females exclusively 55 15 51 19 29 78 MANUFACTURING (Cont.) 136. POTTERY 137. WOOD 138. BONE 139. STONE 140. METAL 141. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Number of Cases for Each Variable: 136 137 138 139 140 141 . = Task Present, sex ? 6 17 44 31 0 74 -1 = No data on task 14 4 46 43 7 16 0 = Task absent 61 1 14 39 93 8 1 = Males exclusively 14 159 71 67 85 83 2 = Males predominantly 5 3 7 0 1 3 3 = Equally 6 1 2 6 0 1 4 = Females predominantly 6 1 0 0 0 0 5 = Females exclusively 74 0 2 0 0 1 MISCELLANEOUS 142. FIRE 143. LAUNDERING 144. BODILY MUTILATION 145. BONE-SETTING/SURGERY 146. BURDEN CARRYING 147. BOAT-BUILDING 148. HOUSE-BUILDING Number of Cases for Each Variable: 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 . = Task Present, sex ? 96 9 45 17 6 5 6 -1 = No data on task 1 59 22 88 31 11 1 0 = Task absent 3 52 13 37 3 79 1 1 = Males exclusively 40 5 36 34 18 84 105 2 = Males predominantly 6 0 4 6 12 3 30 3 = Equally 16 4 48 4 46 3 14 4 = Females predominant 4 8 6 0 34 0 9 5 = Females exclusively 20 49 12 0 36 1 20 CULTURAL COMPLEXITY Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost. 1971. Measurement of Cultural Complexity. ETHNOLOGY 12:379-392. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. 149. SCALE 1: WRITING AND RECORDS 73 1 = None 49 2 = Mnemonic devices 21 3 = Non-written records 12 4 = True writing; no records 31 5 = True writing; records 150. SCALE 2: FIXITY OF RESIDENCE 28 1 = Nomadic 21 2 = Semi-nomadic 20 3 = Semi-sedentary 15 4 = Sedentary; impermanent 102 5 = Sedentary 151. SCALE 3: AGRICULTURE 38 1 = None 17 2 = 10% food supply 11 3 = 10%; secondary 63 4 = Primary; not intensive 57 5 = Primary; intensive 152. SCALE 4: URBANIZATION 56 1 = fewer than 100 persons 43 2 = 100-199 persons 33 3 = 200-399 persons 30 4 = 400-999 persons 24 5 = 1000 persons 153. SCALE 5: TECHNOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION 39 1 = No pottery, looms, metalworking 27 2 = Pottery only 31 3 = Loom weaving but not metalworking 56 4 = Metalworking, weavers or potters absent 33 5 = Smiths, weavers, potters 154. SCALE 6: LAND TRANSPORT 108 1 = Human only 42 2 = Pack animals 14 3 = Draft animals 11 4 = Animal-drawn vehicles 11 5 = Automotive vehicles 155. SCALE 7: MONEY 77 1 = None 14 2 = Domestically usable articles 43 3 = Alien currency 27 4 = Elementary forms 25 5 = True money 156. SCALE 8: DENSITY OF POPULATION 58 1 = less than 1 person/square mile 25 2 = 1-5 persons/square mile 28 3 = 5.1-25 persons/square mile 35 4 = 26-100 persons/square mile 40 5 = 100 persons/square mile 157. SCALE 9: POLITICAL INTEGRATION 11 1 = None 72 2 = Autonomous local communities 46 3 = 1 level above community 28 4 = 2 levels above community 29 5 = 3 levels above community 158. SCALE 10: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 65 1 = Egalitarian 52 2 = Hereditary slavery 19 3 = 2 social classes, no castes/slavery 20 4 = 2 social classes, castes/slavery 30 5 = 3 social classes or castes, with or without slavery SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES Broude, Gwen, and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. Cross-Cultural Codes on Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices. ETHNOLOGY 15:409-429. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. 165. PREMARITAL SEX ATTITUDES- FEMALE 56 . = Missing data 30 1 = Expected 28 2 = Tolerated 22 3 = Mildly disapproved 11 4 = Moderately disapproved 4 5 = Disallowed 35 6 = Strongly disapproved 166. FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX- MALE 84 . = Missing data 60 1 = Universal 18 2 = Moderate 11 3 = Occasional 13 4 = Uncommon 167. FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX- FEMALE 77 . = Missing data 51 1 = Universal 19 2 = Moderate 16 3 = Occasional 23 4 = Uncommon 169. EXTRAMARITAL SEX 77 . = Missing data 13 1 = Single standard- both allowed 48 2 = Double standard- husband only 24 3 = Double standard- both forbidden, women punished more 24 4 = Single standard- both condemned equally 172. WIFE-SHARING 83 . = Missing data 4 1 = For any reason 11 2 = Vis-à-vis specific group men 5 3 = Vis-à-vis specific man 7 4 = Occasionally for sex gratification 3 5 = For husband's economic benefit 11 6 = Aside from sex gratification 62 7 = None CLIMATE DATA FROM WEATHER STATIONS Whiting, John W. M. (New Codes: Not Previously Published) These codes are taken from Climate maps, for weather stations closest to the time and place of each societal focus. 186. MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (EC) 99 = Missing data -16 = Min 29 = Max 187. HOTTEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (EC) 99 = Missing data 3 = Min 46 = Max 188. COLDEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (EC) 99 = Missing data -28 = Min 44 = Max 189. MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (mm) 99 = Missing data 0 = Min 4819 = Max 192. HIGHEST PRECIPITATION IN WETTEST MONTH (mm) 99 = Missing data 0 = Min 670 = Max 193. LOWEST PRECIPITATION IN DRIEST MONTH (mm) 99 = Missing data 0 = Min 295 = Max 196. NUMBER OF DRY MONTHS 99 = Missing data 76 0 = None 8 1 = 13 2 = 10 3 = 19 4 = 13 5 = 15 6 = 10 7 = 8 8 = 1 9 = 3 10 = 1 11 = 9 12 = 199. NUMBER OF FROST MONTHS 99 = Missing data 158 0 = None 1 1 = - 2 = - 3 = - 4 = 1 5 = 1 6 = 7 7 = 3 8 = 6 9 = 2 10 = 5 11 = 2 12 = ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS PART 1 Murdock, George P. 1962-1971. Serial Installments in ETHNOLOGY. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. 200. REGION 28 1 = Africa Exclusive of Madagascar and the Sahara 28 2 = Circum-Mediterranean North Africa, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Semitic Near East 34 3 = East Eurasia including Madagascar and Islands in Indian Ocean 31 4 = Insular Pacific including Australia, Indonesia, Formosa, Philippines 33 5 = North America indigenous societies to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec 32 6 = South America including Antilles, Yucatan, Central America 208. MODE OF MARRIAGE 0 99 = Missing data 71 1 = Bride-Price or -Wealth, to bride's family 24 2 = Bride-Service, to bride's family 16 3 = Token Bride-price 15 4 = Gift Exchange, reciprocal 9 5 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged for Bride 42 6 = Absence of Consideration 9 7 = Dowry, to bride from her family 146 9 = No Alternative 221. LARGEST PATRILINEAL KIN GROUP 223. LARGEST MATRILINEAL KIN GROUP Patrilineal Matrilineal Lrgst Exog. Lrgst Exog. . = Missing Data 1 1 1 = None 104 144 2 = Exogamous Group 0 3 3 = Lineages in a Single Community 18 7 4 = Sibs (Lineages in Mult.i Communities) 42 15 5 = Phratries (Maximally Extended Sibs) 15 5 6 = Moieties 6 11 225. COGNATIC KIN GROUPS 1 99 = Missing Data 48 1 = Bilateral descent 27 2 = Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin-groups 0 3 = Ambilineal descent: lacking true ramages 7 4 = Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups 2 5 = Exogamous ramages 4 6 = Quasi-lineages: filiation based, not descent 97 9 = Unilineal descent groups 238. HIGH GODS: Defined as a spiritual being who is believed to have created all reality and/or to be its ultimate governor, even though his/her sole act was to create other spirits who, in turn, created or control the natural world. 18 . = Missing data 68 1 = Absent or not reported 47 2 = Present but not active in human affairs 13 3 = Present and active in human affairs but not supportive of human morality 40 4 = Present, active, and specifically supportive of human morality 239. GAMES: The code below can also be expressed in a semi-order or partial Guttman scale, as there are five latent classes or dominant scale types: for P C S, these are - - - + - - + + - + - + + + + 14 . = Missing data 12 1 = None of the three types 64 2 = Physical skill 1 3 = Chance 4 4 = Strategy 47 5 = Skill and chance 22 6 = Skill and strategy 0 7 = Chance and strategy 22 8 = All 241. MALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS 5 . = Missing data 131 0 = Absent 5 1 = Within first two months after birth 1 2 = Two months to two years 5 3 = Two to five years 16 4 = Six to ten years 17 5 = 11 to 15 years 2 6 = 16 to 25 years 0 7 = 25 to 50 years 1 8 = After 50 years 3 9 = Normal age unclear 242. SEGREGATION OF ADOLESCENT BOYS 29 . = Missing data 108 1 = Absence 19 2 = Partial 8 3 = Complete, with relatives outside nuclear family 4 4 = Complete, with non-relatives 18 5 = Complete, with peers RULE OR PRACTICE FOR INHERITANCE 278. INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY (LAND) 279. INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY 278 279 Land Movables . = Missing data 31 34 1 = Absence of individual property rights or rules 59 21 2 = Matrilineal (sister's sons) 4 5 3 = Other matrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 9 9 4 = Children, with daughters receiving less 12 14 5 = Children, equally for both sexes 9 22 6 = Other patrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 8 9 7 = Patrilineal (sons) 54 72 DISTRIBUTION OF INHERITANCE AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF SAME CATEGORY 280. INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY 281. INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY 280 281 Land Movables 99 = Missing data or absence of rights 91 55 1 = Equal or relatively equal 54 86 2 = Exclusively or predominantly to the one adjudged best qualified 6 6 3 = Ultimogeniture (to the junior individual) 4 5 4 = Primogeniture (to the senior individual) 28 27 9 = Missing data Note: Change 9 to 99 3 7 285. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: WALL MATERIAL 65 . = Missing data 12 1 = Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick 19 2 = Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub 33 3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles 1 4 = Bark 1 5 = Hides or skin 6 6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabrics 17 7 = Mats, latticework, or wattle 14 8 = Grass, leaves, or other thatch 17 9 = Adobe, clay, or dried brick 0 10)= Open walls, including temporary screens *)= Walls indistinguishable from roof * Note: disaggregate 9 and 10 287. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: ROOFING MATERIALS 10 . = Missing data 2 1 = Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick 3 2 = Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub 10 3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles 6 4 = Bark 5 5 = Hides or skin 5 6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabric 9 7 = Mats 118 8 = Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch 18 9 = Earth or turf 10)= Ice or snow (combined with 9) * Note: disaggregate 9 and 10 TRAITS INCULCATED IN CHILDHOOD Barry, Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall. 1976. Traits Inculcated in Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 5. ETHNOLOGY 15:83-114. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. 294. Fortitude: Early Boy 295. Fortitude: Early Girl 296. Fortitude: Late Boy 297. Fortitude: Late Girl Early Late Boy Girl Boy Girl . = Missing data 46 55 31 41 0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait 0 0 0 0 1 = 0 1 0 0 2 = 17 19 3 5 3 = 16 17 5 11 4 = 11 13 11 9 5 = moderately strong inculcation 61 60 40 50 6 = 24 15 49 44 7 = 3 1 14 12 8 =