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| Class | Formula | Substituent Prefix | Principal Name Suffix |
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| Carboxylic acid | -COOH | Carboxy | -carboxylic acid |
| -(C)OOH | - | -oic acid |
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| Acid anhydrides | -CO-O-COR | - | R...carboxylic anhydride |
| -(C)O-O-COR | - | R...oic anhydride | |
| Esters | -COOR | R-oxycarbonyl | R...carboxylate |
| -(C)OOR | - | R...oate |
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| Acid halides | -CO-Halogen | Haloformil | -carbonyl halide |
| -(C)O-Halogen | - | -oyl halide |
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| Amides | -CO-NH2 | Carbamoyl | -carboxamide |
| -(C)O-NH2 | - | -amide |
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| Nitriles | -CN | Cyano | -carbonitrile |
| -(C)N | - | -nitrile |
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| Aldehydes | -CHO | Formyl | -carbaldehyde |
| -(C)HO | Oxo | -al |
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| Ketones | >(C)=O | Oxo | -one |
| Alcohols and Phenols | -OH | Hydroxy | -ol |
| Amines | -NH2 | Amino | amine |
| Ethers | -OR | R-oxy | ether (non-IUPAC) |
| Alkyl Halide | -F, -Cl, -Br, -I | fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- | fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide (non-IUPAC) |
Others: cations, anions (or salts of anions), sulfur containing compds., peroxides (-O-O-), =N2, -N3, -NO, -NO2, -ClO, -ClO2, -ClO3, -IO, -IO2, or ring systems.
Adapted from Sections A, B and C of IUPAC "Blue Book," Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. Copyright 1979 IUPAC.