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Department Chair:
Huaqing Wang
Department
Office:
Science Building I, 417
Telephone:
(661)
654-3082
email:
plampkins@csub.edu
Website:
www.cs.csubak.edu
Faculty:
W. Chung, S. Garcia, W. Li, D. Meyers,
J. Moloney, L.
Taylor, M. Thomas, H. Wang, A. Wani
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Program Description
Computer Science
is a constantly evolving discipline. To quote the
Association for Computing Machinery, Computer Science is
not simply concerned with the design of computing
devices-nor is it just the art of numerical calculation. . .
. Computer Science is concerned with information in much the
same sense that Physics is concerned with energy; it is
devoted to the representation, storage, manipulation, and
presentation of information in an environment permitting
automatic information systems.
The Computer
Science major at CSUB has three tracks. The Computer
Science track follows the guidelines recommended by the
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).
The Computer Information Systems track is intended for
training application programmers or for those who wish to
apply computer science in another discipline. The Hardware
track is intended for students who will be working in a
hardware or system software environment. Students in the
three tracks will take different advanced courses of their
choice. A Computer Science minor is also offered.
The Computer
Science Department administers its own local area network
with multiple servers, including an AlphaServer 4100 (Tru68
Unix operating system) and a Sun V880 (Solaris operating
system). The campus provides a gigabit connection to the
Internet, so students have excellent access to these servers
from home as long as they have an Internet provider. The
department has several laboratories including a Unix
workstation lab (AlphaStation 600au, Sun Ultra 60
workstations) and two PC labs (Windows 2000). Students also
have the opportunity to work on digital circuits,
prototyping, robotics, and interface design. An important
goal of the department is to enable students to work much
more closely with faculty than they would be able to at
larger universities.
Requirements
for Degrees in Computer Science
A. Computer
Science Track
This track
follows the guidelines of the Association for Computing
Machinery (ACM) and the Accreditation Board for Engineering
and Technology (ABET). Students in this track will take
advanced courses of their choice.
1.
Introductory courses (16 units):
CMPS 150
Introduction to Unix
CMPS 221
Programming Fundamentals
CMPS 222
Object-Oriented Programming
CMPS 223
Data Structures and Algorithms
2.
Intermediate courses (55 units):
CMPS 300 Discrete Structures
CMPS 312
Algorithm Analysis and Design
CMPS 320
Digital Circuits
CMPS 321
Computer Architecture
CMPS 335
Software Engineering
CMPS 342
Database Systems
CMPS 350
Programming Languages
CMPS 356
Artificial Intelligence
CMPS 360
Operating Systems
CMPS 371
Computer Graphics
CMPS 376
Computer Networks
3. Advanced
courses (20 units):
CMPS 490
Senior Project
Three courses,
two must be from one sub-area.
Algorithms
and Complexity
CMPS 411
Theory of Automata
Architecture and Organization
CMPS 420
Embedded Systems
CMPS 421
Advanced Computer Architecture
Intelligent
Systems
CMPS 456
Advanced Artificial Intelligence
CMPS 457
Robotics
Programming
Languages
CMPS 410
Theory of language Translation
CMPS 450
Compiler Construction
Operating
Systems & Computer Networks
CMPS 460
Advanced Operating Systems
CMPS 476
Advanced Computer Networks and
Computer
Security
Software
Engineering and Database Systems
CMPS 435
Advanced Software Engineering
CMPS 442
Advanced Database Systems
CMPS 465
Advanced System Analysis and Design
Visual
Computing
CMPS 471
Advanced Computer Graphics
CMPS 472 AI
Agents in Virtual Environments
CMPS 477
Special Topics in Computer Science
Depending
on topic, this course may count for one of the sub-areas
above.
4. The
following math/physics courses (37 units):
MATH 201
Calculus I
MATH 202
Calculus II
MATH 203
Calculus III
MATH 330
Linear Algebra
MATH 340
Probability Theory
PHYS 221
Classical Physics I
PHYS 222
Classical Physics II
5.
Information on General Education Courses
PHYS
221 and 222 will satisfy General Education Areas B2 and B3.
Any of the
required calculus courses satisfy General Education Area B4.
The General
Education Theme I requirement is waived for all Computer
Science tracks.
PHIL 316
(Professional Ethics) must be taken and will satisfy General
Education Theme 2 and the Computer Science Ethics
requirement.
B. Computer
Information Systems Track
This track is
intended for training application programmers or for those
who wish to apply computer science in another discipline.
1.
Introductory courses (16 units):
CMPS 150
Introduction to UNIX
CMPS 221
Programming Fundamentals
CMPS 222
Object-Oriented Programming
CMPS 223
Data Structures and Algorithms
2.
Intermediate courses (35 units):
CMPS 312
Algorithm Analysis and Design
CMPS 335
Software Engineering
CMPS 342
Database Systems
CMPS 350
Programming Languages
CMPS 356
Artificial Intelligence
CMPS 360
Operating Systems
CMPS 376
Computer Networks
3. Advanced
courses (10 units):
CMPS 435
Advanced Software Engineering or
CMPS 442
Advanced Database System or
CMPS 465
Advanced System Analysis and Design
CMPS 490
Senior Project
4. Required
Mathematics courses (10 units):
MATH 140
Elementary Statistics
MATH 191
Pre-calculus Mathematics
5. Electives
from (40 units):
CMPS 215
Unix Programming Environment
CMPS 216
Unix System Administration
CMPS 280
X-Windows
CMPS 294
Advanced Java Programming
CMPS 300
Discrete Structures
CMPS 320
Digital Circuits
CMPS 321
Computer Architecture
CMPS 371
Computer Graphics
Or any other
300-400 level computing course taken with the written
consent of the program advisor. Courses from other
departments relevant to CIS (not exceeding 10 units) may be
taken with the written consent of the program advisor. A
minor in another department can be used to offset some
electives upon approval of a Computer Science Department
advisor.
6.
Information on General Education Courses
MATH 140
will satisfy General Education Area B4.
The General
Education Theme I requirement is waived for all Computer
Science tracks.
PHIL 316
(Professional Ethics) must be taken and will satisfy General
Education Theme 2 and the Computer Science Ethics
requirement.
C. Computer
Science Hardware Track
This track is
intended for computer scientists who will be working in a
hardware or system software environment, including, for
example, embedded systems, computer controlled
instrumentation, device controllers, and operating system
code.
1.
Introductory courses (16 units):
CMPS 150
Introduction to Unix
CMPS 221
Programming Fundamentals
CMPS 222
Object-Oriented Programming
CMPS 223
Data Structures and Algorithms
2.
Intermediate courses (20 units):
CMPS 224 Assembly Language Programming
CMPS 320
Digital Circuits
CMPS 321
Computer Architecture
CMPS 360
Operating Systems
3. Advanced
courses (15 units):
CMPS 420
Embedded Systems
CMPS 421
Advanced Computer Architecture
CMPS 490
Senior Project
4. The
following math/physics courses (45 units):
MATH 201
Calculus I
MATH 202
Calculus II
MATH 203
Calculus III
MATH/CMPS
206 Advanced Engineering
Mathematics
MATH 330
Linear Algebra
PHYS 221
Classical Physics I
PHYS 222
Classical Physics II
ENGR 207
Electric Circuits
5. Electives
from (15 units):
CMPS 322
Digital Signal Processing I
CMPS 335
Software Engineering (Hardware Track students should
choose a hardware-oriented project)
CMPS 350
Programming Languages
CMPS 371
Computer Graphics
CMPS 376
Computer Networks
CMPS 422
Digital Signal Processing II
CMPS 450
Compiler Construction
CMPS 457
Robotics
CMPS 471
Advanced Computer Graphics
CMPS 476
Advanced Computer Networks and Computer Security
Or any
other 300-400 level computing courses may be taken as an
elective with the written consent of the program advisor.
6.
Information on General Education Courses
PHYS
221 and 222 will satisfy General Education Areas B2 and B3.
Any of the
required calculus courses satisfy General Education Area B4.
The General
Education Theme I requirement is waived for all Computer
Science tracks.
PHIL 316
(Professional Ethics) must be taken and will satisfy General
Education Theme 2 and the Computer Science Ethics
requirement.
Requirements
for a Minor in Computer Science
1. The
following courses are required:
CMPS 221
Programming Fundamentals
CMPS 222
Object-Oriented Programming
CMPS 223
Data Structures and Algorithms
2. At least two
upper division Computer Science courses. MATH 305 is
allowed as a Computer Science elective.
Academic
Regulation
A grade of C- is
the minimal grade acceptable for progression into subsequent
computer science courses. Students who fail to achieve at
least a C- or above may repeat the course. If a course is
satisfactorily completed, the prior unsatisfactory grade
will no longer bar a student from continuing in the computer
science program.
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Course Descriptions
Lower Division
The Department of
Computer Science offers courses on topics of current
interest to the community from time to time. Call the
Computer Science office, (661) 654-3082, to express interest
or inquire concerning offerings.
CMPS 120
Computer Skills and Concepts I (5)
Instruction and
tutoring in basic computer skills. An overview of computer
applications including word processors, spreadsheets,
presentation, and Internet software. Prerequisite: None.
CMPS 150
Introduction to Unix (1)
Basic Unix
commands and programming utilities will be introduced.
Students will learn how to use email, a text editor, and
manage files and directories. This course is designed for
students who have no experience with Unix.
CMPS 206
Advanced Engineering Mathematics (5)
Introduction to
ordinary differential equations, Fourier Series and
Integral, other transforms, and partial differential
equations; applications to computer hardware, such as the
resonance, wave equation, transmission line equation, and
filtering. Prerequisite: MATH 203.
CMPS 211
Internet Programming and Web Design (5)
Introduction to
internet programming using HTML and JavaScript (or another
scripting language). The course is intended for students
with no programming experience. Students will learn the
concepts of structured programming and control structures.
They will become familiar with HTML interfaces by designing
interactive web sites. This course may not be used to
satisfy major or minor requirements. Prerequisites: CMPS
120, GST 393, or experience with microcomputers.
CMPS 215 Unix
Programming Environment (3)
This course
covers common Unix commands, shell scripting, regular
expressions, tools and the applications used in a Unix
programming environment. The tools to be introduced include
make utility, a debugger, advanced text editing and text
processing (vi, sed, tr). Prerequisite: CMPS 150 or
permission of instructor.
CMPS 216 Unix
System Administration (3)
This course
covers the knowledge and skills critical to administering a
multi-user, networked Unix system. The course assumes a
basic knowledge of Unix commands and an editor (vi or Emacs).
Topics include: kernel and network configuration, managing
daemons, devices, and critical processes, controlling
startup and shutdown events, account management, installing
software, security issues, shell scripting. Many concepts
will be demonstrated during hands-on labs. Prerequisite:
CMPS 215.
CMPS 221
Programming Fundamentals (5)
Introduces the
fundamentals of procedural programming. Topics include:
data types, control structures, functions, arrays, and
standard and file I/O. The mechanics of compiling, linking,
running, debugging and testing within a particular
programming environment are covered. Ethical issues and a
historical perspective of programming within the context of
computer science as a discipline is given. Prerequisite:
Passing score on ELM OR satisfaction of the ELM exemptions
AND a passing score on the Pre-Calculus Readiness Test (see
Class Schedule for details).
CMPS 222
Object-Oriented Programming (5)
Builds on
foundation provided by CMPS 221 to introduce the concepts of
object-oriented programming. The course focuses on the
definition and use of classes and the fundamentals of
object-oriented design. Other topics include: an overview
of programming language principles, basic searching and
sorting techniques, and an introduction to software
engineering issues. Prerequisite: CMPS 221.
CMPS 223 Data
Structures and Algorithms (5)
Builds on the
foundation provided by the CMPS 221-222 sequence to
introduce the fundamental concepts of data structures and
the algorithms that proceed from them within the framework
of object-oriented programming methodology. Topics
include: recursion, fundamental data structures (including
stacks, queues, linked lists, hash tables, trees, and
graphs), and the basics of algorithmic analysis.
Prerequisite: CMPS 222.
CMPS 224
Assembly Language Programming (5)
(formerly CMPS
220)
Introduction to
machine architecture and program structure; code, data, and
stack segments; programming with an assembly language.
Prerequisite: CMPS 221.
CMPS 277
Topics in Programming Languages (1-5)
A study of
programming languages not offered otherwise. Prerequisite:
Knowledge of a high-level programming language or permission
of the instructor.
CMPS 280
X-Windows (3)
This course is an
introduction to the use of an X-Windowing environment. The
course is designed more for the end user than for X11
programmers. Its goal is to familiarize the applications
user with the standard X11 productivity tools as well as
explain the underlying principles, configuration questions,
and security considerations involved in working or
administering an X-Workstation with Internet access.
CMPS 294
Advanced Java Programming (5)
This course will
deal with object-oriented programming (OOP) and the various
advanced Java topics in the form of applications and/or
applets. The advanced Java topics to be addressed include:
file I/O, networking, graphics user interface,
multithreading and synchronization, remote method and
invocation, Java servelet and database connectivity.
Prerequisite: CMPS 223.
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Upper Division
CMPS 300 Discrete
Structures (5)
Elementary logic
and set theory, functions and relations, induction and
recursion, elementary algorithm analysis, counting
techniques, and introduction to computability.
Prerequisite: CMPS 223.
CMPS 305
Numerical Analysis (5)
Number
representation and basic concepts of error; numerical
solutions of nonlinear equations and systems of equations;
interpolation and extrapolation; numerical differentiation
and integration; numerical solution of ordinary differential
equations; approximation by spline functions.
Prerequisites: CMPS 221 and
Math 203 or
permission of instructor. Cross-listed with
Math 305:
Numerical Analysis.
CMPS 312
Algorithm Analysis and Design (5)
Algorithm
analysis, asymptotic notation, hashing, hash tables, scatter
tables, and AVL and B-trees, brute-force and greedy
algorithms, divide-and-conquer algorithms, dynamic
programming, randomized algorithms, graphs and graph
algorithms, and distributed algorithms. Prerequisite: CMPS
223.
CMPS 320
Digital Circuits (5)
An introduction
to the logical design of digital computers including the
analysis and synthesis of combinatorial and sequential
circuits, and the use of such circuits in building processor
components and memory. The course will apply the circuit
theory to the design of an elementary processor with a small
instruction set with absolute addressing and a hard-wired
control unit. An assembly language for this processor will
also be developed. This course includes a laboratory which
will cover a mix of actual circuit work together with
circuit synthesis and testing using software.
Prerequisite: One course in programming or permission of
the instructor.
CMPS 321 Computer
Architecture (5)
This course
follows the Digital Logic Design course and focuses on the
design of the CPU and computer system at the architectural
(or functional) level: CPU instruction sets and functional
units, data types, control unit design, interrupt handling
and DMA, I/O support, memory hierarchy, virtual memory, and
buses and bus timing. In contrast, the Digital logic Design
course is primarily concerned with implementation; that is,
the combinatorial and sequential circuits which are the
building blocks of the functional units. Prerequisite:
CMPS 223 and 320.
CMPS 322 Digital
Signal Processing I (5)
This course uses
digital filters and simplified frequency domain descriptions
to convey the important ideas of filtering, systems,
frequency response and z-transforms. Classes consists of
lectures and computer-based labs. Lectures cover basic
theory behind the related technologies. Computer-based labs
allow students to explore the current state-of-art
technologies, such as sound synthesis and analysis, image
filtering and enhancement,
and preprocessing to pattern recognition in vision system of
robots. Prerequisite: MATH 201, PHYS 221.
CMPS 335
Software Engineering (5)
A general
introduction to Software Engineering. Deals with the
specification, development, management, and evolution of
complex software systems. Shows how to cost-effectively
apply the methods and theory from Computer Science to solve
difficult problems. The course presents a broad perspective
on software and system engineering and surveys a wide
spectrum of tools and techniques. Students are required to
complete a project as part of a small software engineering
team. Students may choose system projects involving software
and hardware integration. Prerequisite: CMPS 223.
CMPS 342
Database Systems (5)
Basic issues in
data modeling, database application software design and
implementation. File organizations, relational model,
relational database management systems, and query languages
are addressed in detail. Two-tier architecture, three-tier
architecture and development tools are covered.
Prerequisite: CMPS 223.
CMPS 350
Programming Languages (5)
An examination of
underlying concepts in high level programming languages and
techniques for the implementation of a representative sample
of such languages with regard to considerations such as
typing, block structure, scope, recursion, procedures
invocation, context, binding, and modularity.
Prerequisite: CMPS 223.
SCI 350B
Computers and Society (5)
This course will
provide a framework for examining the impact of computer
technology on the individual and on society. Issues will be
addressed from social, legal, and ethical perspectives.
Students will be exposed to current and future
technologies. Prerequisite: upper division status. Meets
new general education upper division Theme I requirement.
CMPS 356
Artificial Intelligence (5)
This course is
intended to teach the fundamentals of artificial
intelligence which include topics such as expert systems,
artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, inductive learning
and evolutionary algorithms. Prerequisite: CMPS 223.
CMPS 360
Operating Systems (5)
A study of the
introductory concepts in operating systems: historical
development of batch, multiprogrammed, and interactive
systems; file, memory, device, process, and thread
management; interrupt and trap handlers, abstraction layer,
message passing; kernel tasks and kernel design issues;
signals and interprocess communication; synchronization,
concurrency, and deadlock problems. Prerequisite: CMPS
223.
CMPS 371
Computer Graphics (5)
Introduction to
computer graphics hardware, animation, two-dimensional
transformations, basic concepts of computer graphics, theory
and implementation. Use of graphics APIs such as DirectX
or OpenGL. Developing 2D graphics applications software.
Prerequisite: CMPS 223.
CMPS 376
Computer Networks (5)
A study of
computer networks focusing on the TCP/IP Internet protocols
and covering in detail the four layers: physical, data
link, network, and transport. This course includes a
laboratory in which students will cover important network
utilities, debugging tools, process and thread control as it
relates to network programming, and the coding of programs
which do interprocess communication over sockets. The
typical Internet client program which accesses a TCP network
server daemon will be covered in detail. Prerequisite:
CMPS 223.
CMPS 377
Special Topics in Computer Science
(3-5)
This course will
be used to supplement other courses with additional work at
the intermediate level. Prerequisite: Permission of
instructor.
CMPS 410
Theory of Language Translation (5)
A study of
techniques relevant to the theory of language translation
including finite state machines, formal languages, grammars,
lexical and syntactic analysis. Prerequisite: CMPS 350.
CMPS 411
Theory of Automata (5)
A study of
algorithms as they relate to nonlinear data structures and
external files. Time and space analysis of several popular
algorithms, and a discussion of NP-hard and NP-complete
problems. Prerequisite: CMPS 223.
CMPS 420 Embedded
Systems (5)
Built on logic
designs, using assembly and C languages to study embedded
systems with regard to their software, hardware, theories
and implementation methodology. Various embedded system
development tools, such as assemblers, debuggers and cross
compilers, will be introduced and used in the course.
Prerequisites: CMPS 224, CMPS 320.
CMPS 421
Advanced Computer Architecture (5)
Continuation of
CMPS 321 including speed-up arithmetic algorithms, vector
and parallel processing, organization of memory for high
performance processors, and a comparative study of
supercomputer architectures. Prerequisite: CMPS 321.
CMPS 422 Digital
Signal Processing II (5)
Introduction to
principles of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) including
sampling theory, aliasing effects, frequency response,
Finite Impulse Response filters, Infinite Impulse Response
filters, spectrum analysis, Z transforms, Discrete Fourier
Transform and Fast Fourier Transform. Emphasis on hardware
design to achieve high-speed real and complex
multiplications and additions. Pipelining, Harvard, and
modified Harvard architectures. Overviews of modern DSP
applications such as modems, speech processing, audio and
video compression and expansion, and cellular protocols.
Prerequisites: PHYS 221, MATH 203, CMPS 320.
CMPS 435 Advanced
Software Engineering (5)
Continuation of
study of the software lifecycle. Methods and tools for the
implementation, integration, testing and maintenance of
large, complex software systems. Program development and
test environments. Group laboratory project. Technical
presentation methods and practice. Ethical and societal
issues in software engineering. Prerequisite: CMPS 335.
CMPS 442 Advanced
Database Systems (5)
A wide range of
topics such as query processing and optimization,
object-oriented database systems, distributed database
systems, database warehousing and data mining will be
discussed. The course will also be used to introduce
emerging issues related to database systems. Prerequisite:
CMPS 342.
CMPS 450
Compiler Construction (5)
An introduction
to the construction of compilers, including lexical and
syntactic analysis, code generation, and error detection.
This course includes a 2 1/2 hours per week laboratory in
which students will implement a compiler for a given
programming language. Prerequisite: CMPS 350.
CMPS 456
Advanced Artificial Intelligence (5)
Continuation of
CMPS 356. This course is intended to teach about advances
in artificial intelligence. It includes advanced topics on
artificial neural networks such as distributed and
synergistic neural network models, hybrid artificial
intelligence techniques such as neuro-fuzzy models, advanced
machine learning techniques and meta-heuristic evolutionary
algorithms. Prerequisites: CMPS 356 and MATH 340.
CMPS 457
Robotics (5)
The course will
provide an opportunity for students to understand
intelligent robot system architecture and to design
algorithms and programs for control and planning of
intelligent robot systems based on analytical modeling and
behavior modeling. Students will use simulation software
(Webots) and hardware test-bed (Kheraper II) to verify their
algorithm and program performance during their project
work. Prerequisite: CMPS 223.
CMPS 460
Advanced Operating Systems (5)
Continuation of
CMPS 360. Various topics in popular operating systems.
Real-time and distributed operating systems will be
addressed. Prerequisite: CMPS 360.
CMPS 465
Advanced System Analysis and Design (5)
Design and
construction of sizeable software products. Technical
management of software development teams. Software
development process models, software design, documentation,
quality assurance during development, software unit and
integration testing, CASE tools, development environments,
test tools, configuration management. Prerequisite: CMPS
335.
CMPS 471
Advanced Computer Graphics (5)
Continuation of
CMPS 371. 3D graphics transformations, multi-resolution
model building and rendering. Advanced computer graphics
concepts - theory and implementation. Advanced animation
techniques in a 3D environment. This course includes a
laboratory. Prerequisites: CMPS 371, MATH 330.
CMPS 472 AI
Agents in Virtual Environments (5)
Continuation of
CMPS 471 This course is about creating and interacting with
intelligent three-dimensional virtual environments. Topics
covered will include hierarchical architecture of
three-dimensional virtual environments, and a framework of
incorporating intelligent agents within the virtual
environment. Prerequisite: CMPS 371.
CMPS 473
Computer Game Design (5)
The course will
cover fundamental concepts behind designing a game engine.
The concepts, theories, and programming aspects of physics
engine, graphics engine, and control engine will be
covered. Prerequisite: CMPS 371 or consent of instructor.
CMPS 476
Advanced Computer Networks and
Computer
Security (5)
Continuation of
CMPS 376. Various advanced topics in computer networks and
computer security will be addressed. Prerequisites: CMPS
376 and MATH 202 (or the equivalent of differential and
integral calculus).
CMPS 477
Special Topics in Computer Science
(1-5)
This course will
often be used to supplement other courses with additional
work at a more advanced level. Prerequisite: permission of
instructor.
CMPS 489
Experiential Prior Learning (1-5)
Majors in
Computer Science with significant prior experience in
computers may have some of their experience count for
academic credit toward their degree. In order to be
considered for experiential learning credit the student must
have completed CMPS 223 and have the approval of the
department.
CMPS 490
Senior Project (5)
After
consultation with the instructor and investigation of
relevant literature, the student shall prepare a substantial
project with significance in Computer Science. During the
latter part of the quarter, the student will present a
project report to the entire class, explaining the nature of
the work, the finished product, and its relationship to the
field. Prerequisites: major in Computer Science and
completion of at least two 400‑level courses in Computer
Science.
CMPS 496
Internship in Computer Science (1-5)
Internships may
be arranged by the department with various agencies,
businesses, or industries. The assignments and coordination
of work projects with conferences and reading, as well as
course credits, evaluation, and grading are the
responsibility of the faculty liaison (or course
instructor), working with the field supervisor. Offered on
a credit, no-credit basis only. The department will
determine credits and application of credit.
CMPS 497
Cooperative Education (5)
The Cooperative
Education program offers a sponsored learning experience in
a work setting, integrated with a field analysis seminar.
The field experience is contracted by the Cooperative
Education office on an individual basis, subject to approval
by the department. The field experience, including the
seminar and reading assignments, is supervised by the
cooperative education coordinator and the faculty liaison
(or course instructor), working with the field supervisor.
Students are expected to enroll in the course for at least
two quarters. The determination of course credits,
evaluation, and grading are the responsibility of the
departmental faculty. Offered on a credit, no-credit basis
only. The department will determine application of credit.
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